http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6 --> IPv6
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4 --> IPv4
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation --> Network Address Translation
http://darojatun.blogsome.com/2008/06/29/
nat-internet-sharing-di-linux-dengan-iptables-dalam-4-langkah/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_network
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing
Tuesday, July 15, 2008
Reference of Networking
Posted by fithraw at 6:42 PM 0 comments
What is the difference between IPv4 and IPv6?
IPv4 means Internet Protocol version 4, whereas IPv6 means Internet Protocol version 6.
IPv4 is 32 bits IP address that we use commonly, it can be 192.168.8.1, 10.3.4.5 or other 32 bits IP addresses. IPv4 can support up to 232 addresses, however the 32 bits IPv4 addresses are finishing to be used in near future, so IPv6 is developed as a replacement.
IPv6 is 128 bits, can support up to 2128 addresses to fulfill future needs with better security and network related features. Here are some examples of IPv6 address:
1050:0:0:0:5:600:300c:326bff06::c3
0:0:0:0:0:0:192.1.56.10
source : http://www.home-network-help.com/ipv4-ipv6.html Read More...
Posted by fithraw at 6:38 PM 0 comments
IPv4
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the fourth iteration of the Internet Protocol (IP) and it is the first version of the protocol to be widely deployed. IPv4 is the dominant network layer protocol on the Internet and apart from IPv6 it is the only standard internetwork-layer protocol used on the Internet.
It is described in IETF RFC 791 (September 1981) which made obsolete RFC 760 (January 1980). The United States Department of Defense also standardized it as MIL-STD-1777.
IPv4 is a data-oriented protocol to be used on a packet switched internetwork (e.g., Ethernet). It is a best effort protocol in that it does not guarantee delivery. It does not make any guarantees on the correctness of the data; this may result in duplicated packets or packets delivered out of order. These aspects are addressed by an upper layer protocol (e.g. TCP, and partly by UDP).
IPv4 uses 32-bit (four-byte) addresses, which limits the address space to 4,294,967,296 (232) possible unique addresses. However, some are reserved for special purposes such as private networks (~18 million addresses) or multicast addresses (~16 million addresses). This reduces the number of addresses that can be allocated as public Internet addresses. As the number of addresses available are consumed, an IPv4 address shortage appears to be inevitable, however Network Address Translation (NAT) has significantly delayed this inevitability.
This limitation has helped stimulate the push towards IPv6, which is currently in the early stages of deployment and is currently the only contender to replace IPv4.
source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4
Posted by fithraw at 6:33 PM 0 comments
What is IP Address?
Example: 140.179.220.200
It is sometimes useful to view the values in their binary form.
140 .179 .220 .200
10001100.10110011.11011100.11001000
Every IP address consists of two parts, one identifying the network and one identifying the node. The Class of the address and the subnet mask determine which part belongs to the network address and which part belongs to the node address.
Address Classes
- Class A addresses begin with 0xxx, or 1 to 126 decimal.
- Class B addresses begin with 10xx, or 128 to 191 decimal.
- Class C addresses begin with 110x, or 192 to 223 decimal.
- Class D addresses begin with 1110, or 224 to 239 decimal.
- Class E addresses begin with 1111, or 240 to 254 decimal.
Addresses beginning with 01111111, or 127 decimal, are reserved for loopback and for internal testing on a local machine; [You can test this: you should always be able to ping 127.0.0.1, which points to yourself] Class D addresses are reserved for multicasting; Class E addresses are reserved for future use. They should not be used for host addresses.
Now we can see how the Class determines, by default, which part of the IP address belongs to the network (N, in blue) and which part belongs to the node (n, in red).
- Class A -- NNNNNNNN.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn
- Class B -- NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn
- Class C -- NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.nnnnnnnn
In the example, 140.179.220.200 is a Class B address so by default the Network part of the address (also known as the Network Address) is defined by the first two octets (140.179.x.x) and the node part is defined by the last 2 octets (x.x.220.200).
In order to specify the network address for a given IP address, the node section is set to all "0"s. In our example, 140.179.0.0 specifies the network address for 140.179.220.200. When the node section is set to all "1"s, it specifies a broadcast that is sent to all hosts on the network. 140.179.255.255 specifies the example broadcast address. Note that this is true regardless of the length of the node section.
Private Subnets
source : http://www.ralphb.net/IPSubnet/ipaddr.html
Posted by fithraw at 6:29 AM 0 comments
Internet Protocol
Because a message is divided into a number of packets, each packet can, if necessary, be sent by a different route across the Internet. Packets can arrive in a different order than the order they were sent in. The Internet Protocol just delivers them. It's up to another protocol, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) to put them back in the right order.
IP is a connectionless protocol, which means that there is no continuing connection between the end points that are communicating. Each packet that travels through the Internet is treated as an independent unit of data without any relation to any other unit of data. (The reason the packets do get put in the right order is because of TCP, the connection-oriented protocol that keeps track of the packet sequence in a message.) In the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) communication model, IP is in layer 3, the Networking Layer.
The most widely used version of IP today is Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4). However, IP Version 6 (IPv6) is also beginning to be supported. IPv6 provides for much longer addresses and therefore for the possibility of many more Internet users. IPv6 includes the capabilities of IPv4 and any server that can support IPv6 packets can also support IPv4 packets.
source : http://searchunifiedcommunications.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid186_gci214031,00.html#
reference : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol
Posted by fithraw at 6:25 AM 0 comments